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Northeast China folk religion
Northeast China folk religion or Dongbei folk religion (东北民间宗教 ''Dōngběi mínjiān zōngjiào'', or 东北民间信仰 ''Dōngběi mínjiān xìnyǎng'') is the variety of Chinese folk religion that is practiced in northeast China (Manchuria), including the provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, but with influences coming from and reaching as far as Hebei and Shandong.〔Deng, 2014. p. 19〕 It is characterised by patterns of deities, worship and terminology that are different from those of central and southern Chinese folk religion. Many of these patterns derive from the interaction of Han folk faiths with Tungus and Manchu shamanisms.〔Liu Zhengai, 2008.〕
Prominence is given to the worship of animal gods, of a "totemic" value.〔Deng, 2014. p. 1〕〔Liu Zhengai, 2008.〕 In the region the terms ''shen'' 神 ("god") and ''xian'' 仙 ("immortal being") are synonymous. Figures of ritual specialists or shamans perform various ritual functions for groups of believers and local communities, including ''chuma xian'' (出马仙, "riding (for) the immortal gods"),〔Deng, 2014. p. 17〕 dances, healing, exorcism, divination, and communication with ancestors.〔Deng, 2014. p. 2〕
==History==
The formation of northeast China's folk religion and shamanism can be traced back to the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), when a large number of Han Chinese settled in the northeast of China mixing with Manchus.〔Deng, 2014. p. 45〕 Either in the Qing period, and in the later Republic of China (1912-1949) and subsequent People's Republic, the worship of animal deities and the practice of ''chuma xian'' had bad relationship with the governments,〔Deng, 2014. pp. 45-46〕 which considered it "feudal superstition" (封建迷信 ''fēngjiàn míxìn'')〔Deng, 2014. p. 3〕 and banned through different decrees.〔Deng, 2014. pp. 46-49〕
The popular worship of animal gods began to resurface in the 1980s, and soon also the ''chuma xian'' practice was revived.〔Deng, 2014. pp. 50-51〕 In the 2010s there have been attempts to protect ''chuma xian'' under the policy of "intangible cultural heritage".〔Deng, 2014. p. 52〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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